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Intro -- Contents -- Chapter 1: The Current Legacy of Geographies in Mediterranean Europe -- References -- Part I: The Great Contributions of Mediterranean Geographical Thought -- Chapter 2: Geography as a Social Science in Portugal -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Evolution: The Institutional Establishment of the Discipline -- 2.3 Education: If Geography Is a Central Discipline in School, Student Education Is Also Essential for Geography -- 2.4 Research: Expansion, Internationalization and Interest Widening -- 2.5 Politics, Policies, Planning and Organizations: Geography Out of School -- 2.6 Links, Paths and Challenges -- 2.7 Towards a Southern Europe or a Mediterranean Geography? -- References -- Chapter 3: Spanish Geographical Thought in the Present: Its Influence and Original Proposals in a Context Dominated by Tradition -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Spanish Geography in the First Two Decades of the Twenty-First Century: General Characteristics -- 3.2.1 The Academic and Professional Consolidation of Geography in Regional and Democratic Spain (1975-2009) -- 3.2.2 The Challenges of the Current Situation: The Impact of the Crisis (2009-2019) -- 3.3 The Internal Weaknesses of Spanish Geography -- 3.3.1 The Persistence of Academic Conservatism -- 3.3.2 The Predominant Themes in the Work of Spanish Geographers -- 3.4 Original Proposals of the Geographical Thought of the Present -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Geography and Territorial Planning in Italy -- 4.1 The Reasons Behind a Missed Opportunity -- 4.2 Geography and Urban Planning: The Origins of a Debate -- 4.3 A Renewed Regional Geography Does Not Match the Planning -- 4.4 The New Planning Directions and the 'Vast Area' Problem -- 4.5 The Illusion of Administrative Reorganisation -- 4.6 The Geographers Have Worked on Planning Nonetheless -- 4.7 Potential Convergences for the Future.

El artículo aborda la planificación y gestión territorial del turismo, enfocando el análisis en la estructura competencial de esta actividad y en los instrumentos de planificación territorial que se han implementado en España en las últimas décadas. La creación de una potente imagen de marca en el turismo español ha sido un proceso largo y no exento de contradicciones.Este trabajo cuestiona la importante inversión pública realizada por las diferentes administraciones españolas en la promoción del turismo en todo tipo de destinos, concluyendo que, a pesar de que la situación general no ha cambiado de manera sustancial en muchos de los territorios promocionados, especialmente en aquellos más alejados de los dinámicos ejes turísticos, el modelo debe revisarse pero manteniendo el dominio de lo público, aunque el carácter cambiante e innovador del turismo complique una gestión pública eficiente.The paper focus on the planning and territorial management of tourism, analysing the competence structure of this activity and the territorial planning instruments that have been implemented in Spain in recent decades. The creation of a powerful brand image in Spanish tourism has been a long process with several contradictions. This paper questions the public investment made by the Spanish administrations in the promotion of tourism in all types of destinations, concluding that, despite the fact that the general situation has not changed substantially in many of the promoted territories, especially in those further away from the dynamic tourist axes, the model must be revised but maintaining the domain of the public, although the changing and innovative nature of tourism complicates efficient public management.

The 'Europe 2020 Strategy' was issued in 2010 by the European Commission. This document constitutes a growth scheme for the decade 2010-2020 that aims to help the European Union to emerge from the current crisis through the so-called smart, sustainable and inclusive dimensions of growth. In this context, the basic aim of the SIESTA ("Spatial Indicators for a 'Europe 2020 Strategy' Territorial Analysis") Project has been to illustrate the territorial dimension of the 'Europe 2020 Strategy'. In other words, to show how this document acts territorially, particularly at the regional scale, but, when possible, also at the urban level. The SIESTA Project has been funded by ESPON ("European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion"), a European Commission Programme whose mission is to support policy development in relation to the aim of territorial cohesion and a harmonious development of the European territory. This book includes most of the main findings and conclusions obtained through research of the SIESTA Project. The contents were presented and discussed as keynote addresses or communications at the SIESTA Final Conference held in Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, on 4-5 April 2013.

The Health system in Spain is considered one of the most valued public services by the population. In fact, during the first decade of the 21st century, Spain became a health tourism destination for people from central and northern European countries. In addition to the health infrastructure, the quality of medical and nursing care stands out. Something similar also happens with the Spanish pharmaceutical system. However, there are some characteristics that should be addressed from a Geography perspective. The pharmacies' legal system does not consider them to be of public interest. One is when some of the main activities are the sale and distribution of medicines that are partially paid for by the Administration, that is, Social Security. In the same activity, the public function is combined with the private interests of the pharmacy owners to provide a balanced territorial service. One of the conclusions demonstrates how the borders that are sometimes created by the Administration are not always the most efficient in relation to the characteristics of the territory, nor do they provide the best service to the population and, therefore, create territorial imbalances within a country. To reach our conclusions, we carried out an exhaustive study of the pharmacy legislation in the EU and in Spain, as well as Geography of Health and theories of territorial location. We combined this information with statistics on the territorial characteristics of Spain. This allowed us to confirm the peculiarities that exist within the governance of the distribution of pharmacy offices in Spain.

A partire dal 1960, in Spagna sono stati registrati numerosi e importanti cambiamenti politici, sociali e territoriali, parallelamente a un forte processo di sviluppo urbano. In questo lavoro, in particolare, viene fornito un quadro delle trasformazioni rilevate nella rete infrastrutturale e dei trasporti, in relazione alle esigenze delle realtà urbane. Inoltre, l'analisi considera le politiche che hanno portato a tali modifiche, soprattutto nel corso del periodo 1981-2010. Tra i principali obiettivi, vi è quello di evidenziare la necessità di organici modelli progettuali e di apposite linee guida, al fine di garantire un'oculata e proficua gestione dei fondi.A partir des années 60, en Espagne on constate un certain nombre d'importants changements politiques, sociaux et territoriaux, qui vont de pair avec un développement urbain de grande envergure. Dans cet article, en l'occurrence, on présente un tableau des transformations du réseau infra-structural et des transports, relativement aux exigences de la réalité urbaine. Par ailleurs, l'analyse prend en considération les politiques qui ont mené à de telles modifications, en particulier durant les années 1981-2010. Parmi les objectifs principaux, il faut mentionner celui qui concerne la nécessité d'avoir des modélisations holistiques des projets, afin de promouvoir une gestion attentive et productive des fonds.

Este trabajo asume las montañas de Galicia como una realidad construida. En particular, analiza la aportación que ha realizado la Geografía, como disciplina, y la Ordenación del Territorio, como su vertiente aplicada y política, a dicha construcción discursiva. Se parte de una revisión teórica y metodológica de la bibliografía existente dedicada a las representaciones académicas, sociales, políticas o culturales de las montañas. En el primer apartado analítico se estudia la cartografía y el conocimiento geográfico preacadémico de los últimos siglos, período en el que domina una imagen caótica de las montañas gallegas. A continuación se consideran las décadas de 1970 y 1980, momento clave en el que la Geografía institucionalizada fija la lectura preponderante de las montañas gallegas que llega a fecha de hoy. Finalmente, se explican los desarrollos investigadores y de ordenación del territorio producidos en las últimas décadas: el diagnóstico común insiste en el carácter periférico y marginal de las montañas gallegas, pero los mecanismos de gestión o planificación específicos y los compromisos de acción parecen ausentes. ; This work analyses how the Galician mountains can be seen to be a constructed reality created by the discipline of Geography and through the applied and policy-focused approach of planning. It begins by a theoretical and methodological review of the literature on the academic, social, political or cultural representations of the mountains. The first analytical section focuses on the haphazard representation of mountains in Galicia during the period before the advent of formal geographic and cartographic approaches. The paper then considers the 1970s and 1980s, a key period when institutionalised Geography developed a normative understanding of the Galician mountains, which is still current. The paper concludes by outlining recent research and planning debates around the Galician mountains that conclude that the areas are seen as peripheral and marginal suffering from a lack of specific spatial management, planning and implementation mechanisms.

En el presente artículo se hace una aproximación al estado de la cuestión de la ordenación del territorio en Galicia. Se comienza con un repaso de las investigaciones habidas hasta la fecha sobre esta temática. A continuación se realiza un análisis pormenorizado de los retos actuales en materia de planificación territorial en Galicia, que debieran tener como referencia un marco normativo que, según la Lei de Ordenación do Territorio de Galicia, tendría que partir de unas Directrices de ámbito regional que, finalmente, serán aprobadas con un gran retraso y sin consenso en el año en curso. Ello contrasta con una desaforada producción legislativa en urbanismo, con sucesivas leyes del suelo, que lejos de suponer una asentada jurisprudencia, sólo indican la carencia de un acuerdo político mínimo en las cuestiones que afectan de modo directo al territorio. Se finalizará el trabajo con una serie de reflexiones sobre cuál debiera ser el camino a seguir en el futuro en materia de ordenamiento territorial en Galicia. ; This article looks at the current state of affairs in the sphere of spatial planning in Galicia. An initial overview of the literature published to date on this topic is followed by a detailed analysis of the present-day challenges facing spatial planning in Galicia, which should in theory be seen in the light of a regulatory framework which, according to the Lei de Ordenación do Territorio de Galicia (Galician Spatial Planning Act), would stem from a series of regional Guidelines that after much delay, and with no political consensus having been reached, are fi- nally set to be approved this year. This contrasts sharply with the proliferation of town planning legislation, in the form of a succession of land laws which, far from producing a firmly-grounded jurisprudence, only point to the lack of a minimum level of political agreement in matters with a direct effect on the territory. The study concludes with a series of reflections on what should constitute the way forward regarding spatial planning in ...

Résumé La restauration des monuments joue un rôle clé. En effet, elle permet de ré-habiter des bâtiments historiques qui, du fait de leur évolution, de leurs dimensions, de leur conception dans l'espace ou de leur situation géographique, constituent une offre de services pour la communauté à laquelle ils appartiennent. Cette renaissance se traduit, dans l'Espagne du xx e siècle, par l'aménagement de certains bâtiments classés patrimoine historique en « Paradores Nacionales » . L'un des exemples les plus éloquents et qui remonte à 1954, est la transformation en « Parador Nacional de Turismo » de l'ancien Hôpital inauguré par les Rois Catholiques en 1499 et stratégiquement construit à côté de la Cathédrale de Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle. Les conséquences du passage d'un Hôpital Royal pour pèlerins à un Hôtel de luxe pour touristes, ainsi que la dimension touristique et le rôle moteur de cette restauration du patrimoine, ont été analysés dans le dialogue interdisciplinaire entre une géographe et une historienne de l'art.

Introduction -- Critical Geography: From the Office to the Streets -- Far Beyond the 'Natural Environment': Geography at the Crossroads of the Capitalocene -- Brazilian Geography and the Study of Territorial Formation -- Man in his being in the world -- Geography and Geographicity -- Physical Geography and the Study of Environmental Problems: The Brazilian Contribution -- The Study of Cities in Brazilian Geography -- The Production of Urban Space and "Critical Geography" -- Dialogues on Brazilian Political Geography and its Perspectives in the 21st Century -- The Consensual Divorce of Geography -- Adherence to Neoliberalism, the Cult of Freedom and the Overthrow of Democracy -- Scientific Research and the Construction of the Field of Teaching of Geography in Schools: Trends and Challenges -- The Contribution of Milton Santos to the Theoretical Formation of Brazilian Geography -- Carlos Augusto de Figueiredo Monteiro and the Construction of Brazilian Geographical Climatology -- Aziz Nacib Ab'saber and the Professionalisation of Research in Geomorphology in Brazilian Geography Courses -- The Right to the City and the Housing in Brazilian Cities -- The Long March of the Brazilian Peasantry: Socioterritorial Movements, Conflicts and Agrarian Reform -- Land and Food: the New Struggles of the Landless Workers Movement (MST) -- Geography and Indigenous Peoples: Struggles of Resistance -- The Geography of Labour under Construction: Theoretical Challenges and Research Praxis -- A Popular Environmentalism in Defence of Life, Dignity and Territory (an autobiographical contribution from an activist geographer) -- Challenges in Decolonisation of the Brazilian/Latin American Geography/ies -- Brazilian Feminist Geographies: Occupying Space, Resisting Negation and Producing Challenges to Geography -- Association of Brazilian Geographers (AGB): The Construction of a Geography of Struggle -- Epilogue.

This work considers that it is important to debate the question of federalism from the point of view of Political Geography and Geopolitics. The article's main goal is to analyse the territorialization processes conducted by the governments of each federal unit (the Brazilian states) in order to legitimize their capacity of autonomous action within the federation. From this standpoint, the key question turns out to be 'How do the governments of the federal units handle their autonomy to elaborate and execute investment strategies within their territories?' The paper focuses on the state of Bahia, which will be analysed in relation to two terms, 2003-2006 and 2007-2010, during which two clearly distinct territorial development plans were elaborated and put in place, respectively. ; En este trabajo, se debate sobre la temática del federalismo abordado desde el punto de vista de la Geografía Política y la Geopolítica. Así, la intención del mismo es analizar el proceso de territorialización dirigido por el gobierno de cada unidad federativa (los estados brasileños), con el objetivo de legitimar su capacidad de acción autónoma dentro de la federación. Desde esta perspectiva, la cuestión central es: ¿de qué forma el gobierno de las unidades federativas se comporta ante la autonomía que le fue concedida, para ejecutar estrategias de inversiones en su espacio de gestión? El objeto de estudio será el estado de Bahía, que se analizará considerando dos períodos gubernamentales, 2003-2006 y 2007-2010 respectivamente, cuando se elaboraron y ejecutaron propuestas bien diferenciadas para el desarrollo del territorio. ; Neste artigo, considera-se importante discutir o tema do federalismo abordado do ponto de vista da Geografia Política e Geopolítica. Assim, a intenção principal é analisar o processo de territorialização dirigido pelo governo de cada unidade federativa (os estados brasileiros), com o objetivo de legitimar sua capacidade de ação autônoma dentro da federação. Nessa perspectiva, a questão central é: como o governo das unidades federativas se comporta diante da autonomia que lhes foi concedida, para elaborar e executar estratégias de investimento em seu espaço de gestão? O objeto de estudo será o estado da Bahia, que será analisado considerando dois períodos de governo, 2003-2006 e 2007-2010, respectivamente, quando propostas bem diferenciadas para o desenvolvimento do território foram elaboradas e executadas.

UID/SOC/04647/2013 ; The adoption of the euro accelerated the dependent financialisation of the Portuguese economy, which remained structurally backward despite its integration into global finance. The flow of foreign credit towards the real estate, infrastructure, and construction sectors since the mid-nineties fueled the suburban expansion of Lisbon and the abandonment of its historic centre until the crisis of 2008. After the collapse of that model of urban development, Lisbon's historic centre became a space of opportunity for global real estate investment offering high profitabilities in the international short-term-rental and premium markets. With thousands of abandoned dwellings and tenants paying very low rents, the rent gap of the historic centre was enormous. Since many residents of that territory were tenants paying controlled rents, it became necessary to change the lease regime in order to rapidly and easily evict them and let investors engage in the transformation of the area. The new urban lease regime liberalised the rental market and triggered the actualisation of rents above the capacity of many tenants in a context of rising demand for rental housing and strong austerity policies ―and evictions multiplied. The non-regular resident tax regime was implemented by the Portuguese government to attract foreign high-skilled professionals and pensioners. Under this special regime, foreign citizens benefit from a reduced flat personal income tax rate of 20% and any pension income generated abroad is totally tax exempt ―even when not taxed in the country of origin. As a corollary, housing supply for conventional use has dropped significantly and prices have increased dramatically in the historic centre as tourist apartments proliferate and foreign investors multiply. Urban regeneration fuelled by tourism and international investment has not stopped the loss of residents in this area, while the impossibility for many locals to find affordable housing there constitutes a worrying outcome of Lisbon's ...

The current economic and financial crisis manifests itself specifically in cities and metropolitan areas. As in other ­periods of recession throughout history, one of the characteristic features of this crisis was the bursting of a housing bubble. In Spain, the spectacular construction boom slowed down, and many families could not afford to pay the mortgages on their main or second homes. At the same time, welfare spending was slashed to meet the obligations of the banks and cajas (savings banks) ruined by the property slump. In addition, the unemployment rate rose to above 20 %. As a result of this process, urban space reflects the resurgence of social and political movements of different kinds, ranging from more defensive movements focused on a particular place (against the closure of a company or an eviction order issued to a mortgage victim) to more general movements demanding direct democracy and an end to corruption. These movements fuelled the indignados protest with its camps on the streets of all major cities. This article primarily aims to classify urban social movements in contemporary Spain on the basis of their motives and demands. Secondly, it proposes a presentation of the movements assessing their impact on cities and their preferred demonstration spaces inside the city. Finally, it analyses their political-urban character in relation to local resistance, e.g. in Burgos, demands for urban communal ownership, the occupation of squares and houses, and the focus on creating new political expressions such as mareas ciudadanas (citizen tides) and the Podemos phenomenon.